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Investigating The Roots Of The Prison Industrial Complex

Examining the Roots of the Prison Industrial Complex Sydney Conlon On July 13th, 2015, President Obama granted clemency to 46 prisoners, facing decades of prison time for low-level non-violent drug offenses. Obama said the nation is spending too much money on incarceration of individuals who received long sentences for relatively minor drug crimes, and so by granting amnesty to these 46 prisoners, he hopes to push the drive towards prison reform. This simple action gave four dozen prisoners a second chance at life. This brings Obama’s commutations to 89. Presidential clemency has always been controversial. With George Bush commuting Scooter Libby’s sentence, and Bill Clinton pardoning financier Marc Rich, the American people have†¦show more content†¦Most mandatory minimum sentencing laws were written when America was in a full-fledged anti-drug hysteria. So to fight the perceived drug menace, Ronald Reagan passed tough mandatory minimum drug penalties, and his successor, President Bush, pushed for even harsher laws. And this wasn’t solely a republican issue either. Democrats in Congress and State Legislatures, and even Bill Clinton pushed for these laws, and by 1994, 31 states plus Washington DC had minimum mandatory sentencing laws for drug crimes. This didn’t lower the crime rate, it simply increased prison populations. Extremely long sentences are not a good deterrent for crime because the people committing crimes do not think they’re going to get caught, nor are they aware of the punishments they’re faced with. Mandatory minimums didn’t just â€Å"not work.† They ruined lives. For instance, Kevin Ott, a prisoner in custody of Oklahoma State Correctional Facility, was incarcerated for trafficking methamphetamine. Ott has life without parole for three ounces of meth. Or take the case of Weldon Angelos, a non-violent

Profiling Childhood Obesity in Urban Location

Question: Describe the Urban Health Profile on Childhood Obesity in Queensbridge Road in the London Borough of Hackney? Answer: Introduction The definition of health by World Health Organization (WHO), is the good state and wellbeing of individual with respect to the physical, mental and social state. The present report is linked with one of the crucial health aspect that is prevalent across the globe including developed and developing countries. The adopted health problem for the opportunity of this report is thus based on one of such crucial health aspect that is the childhood obesity, especially prevailed in the urban location (Prentice, 2006, pp.93). Obesity is one of the main concerns in the present world, which is associated with varieties of health issues such as cardiovascular disease, infection of skin, organ dys-functioning, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, diabetes and various other complications (Kopelman, 2000, pp.635). Obesity is the condition where excess deposition of body fat in correlated to body height/weight affects the well-being and health status of individuals in community (Ogden, 2014, pp.806). It is the low BMR rate and incorporation of junk food in daily life, which provokes obesity as a serious public health concern worldwide (Fraser Edwards, 2010, pp.1124). With the growing age, the concern of obesity fetch more complication as cells use to grow old and immunity factor is reduced. On the contrary, the same is more vulnerable when associated with the small age group individuals in the community that is at the childhood stage (Looker, 2010, pp.485). In early childhood, the concern of obesity gives rise to many damage and disorder in the organ functioning and normal physiological state (Cole, 2000, pp.1240; Cole, 1995, pp.25). Other than this the concern is also associated with the increase in the basal metabolic rate (BMR), which leads to reduction in cardiac output, deposition of fat in the blood vessels and weakening of the neurotransmitter functioning in the cellular signaling (Low, 2009, pp.57). The present report is based on collection of data and its evaluation in conjunction to childhood obesity in the location of Queensbridge Road in the London Borough of Hackney. Methodology The concern of childhood obesity is more prevalent in the urban location, compared with the rural locations worldwide. This is associated with the adoption of life style, lack of physical activities and food habits rich in fat and unsaturated fatty acids. In conjunction to these facts, the scope of the present research is based on the health profiling of childhood in the urban location, more specifically in Queensbridge Road in the London Borough of Hackney. The concerned age group for the profiling is thus children of age ranging from 3 years to 15 years. For the purpose of data collection, the adopted materials were searched from the internet sources such as web links, research articles and reviews presented by experts. Notably, the sources of the information has been cited in the report, for cross-referencing as well as use as for the evidence in the future time. The concerned data were analyzed in qualitative terms, in order to obtain relevant inference. Data collection, representation and analysis The first data collected in this regard is related to the percentage of children of age 6 years in the location of Queensbridge and Hackney. According to the report by National Health Services (NHS, 2009-11) pertaining to the data collected in the year of 2008-2009, it was revealed that more than 20 % of the school-going children of age 6 are obese. Likewise, the data obtained for children in the ward of Hackney, nearly a quarter of children are obese. The relative statistics of these wards have been shown in figure 1, where the resident children of various locations have been displayed to show relative percentage of the obese children in various wards (Harden, 2009). Figure1: Figure representing the data collected by NHS, for various urban locations in the year 2008-2009, pertaining childhood obesity upto age of 6 years old. The highlighted region are marked for queensbridge and Hackney ward. To the next, the data collected referred to the statistics obtained in the year 2009-10 by National obesity observatory. The collection of these data have been done in conjunction to the Healthy weight strategy aiming to maintain healthy state. The data pertaining to various locations in conjunction to London and England has been displayed in figure 2. Remarkably the data is more important as it shows that Hackney (Bowyer, 2009, pp.452), which is one of the popular urban location in London is having the highest percentage of obese pupil compared to all the variable locations. It should be noted that the information as such contained in this figure is most important, as it helps in revealing that the figure is alarming as the location depicts the highest percentage compared to all other locations. Figure2: Proportion percentage of obese children in various locations, collected by National Obesity Observatory for the year 2009-2010. Figure3: Proportion percentage of obese children in various locations, collected by National Obesity Observatory for the year 2011-2012. In order to analyze similar data of successive years, the figures pertaining to obese child in various locations is shown in figure 3, collected for the year 2011-12. As depicted in the figure, it can be observed that the proportion percentage for the obese children are more in the location of Hackney. The increment in the proportion percentage can be found to be higher by 26 % of the total number of children in the ward. These data indicate that the deterioration in the community health is more rigorous for successive years. On the other hand, it can also be said that there is absence of healthy activity in the community, which leads to such increment in the statistics. No doubt, these health conditions will surely give rise to number of other complications, which are linked with obesity. It was more important to collect the information related to the children age-group that are obese or overweight in the ward of hackney or Queensland. Figure 4 shows the children categorized by age group that are overweight. The comparative frequency of age group 2-5 years old, pupil is obvious to be low and that of 11 to 15 years old pupil is high. Notably, the trend of increase in percentage of children to be considered as overweight is increasing with time. Such increasing trend in the age can be seen from the given plot (Conrad, 2012, pp.e000463). Figure4: Percentage of children that are overweight. The various color codes used in the graph has been shown in label for various age group. Overall, these figures suggest that there is an increase in the trend for total number of obese pupil in the successive years. Other than this, it is also indicative that the frequency or proportion percentage of obese pupil in the ward is more in comparison to other wards. It is hence the situation should be considered more seriously, to make appropriate measures in life style, food habits and physical activity for a healthy future. Implementation Obesity no doubt gives rise to many of the deleterious health related problems. Common list of these complications include high blood pressure, myocardial infarction, strokes, ischemic heart condition and other similar health risk (Reilly Kelly, 2011, pp.891). Sleep discrimination and sleep apnea is another complication that is linked with the childhood obesity (Han, Lawlor Kimm, 2010, pp.1737). This will not only leads to poor health quality but will also impart many problems with respect to learning skills and growth. Other than this, the discrimination in the society is also one of the concerns in children having obese conditions, which includes emotional traits such as guilt and shame (Galvez, 2010, pp.202). These discriminations are seldom present among the family members and friend circle. Often these condition leads to depression related scenario in children, which have the potential to offer psychosis and synergistic deleterious health related problems. The main implication should be framed among the community member, which can be found in following rebuttal points: It is necessary to raise the concern and awareness among the community members. This awareness should be associated with the ills effects and deterioration in the health condition with obesity (Edwards, 2010, pp.194). Lack of motivation for physical activity in children. Often children fails to generate interest in physical exercise, playing outdoor games and sticking to video or computer games. It is hence this motivation should be brought in forward by parents as well as by the social health workers in the community. Junk food, oily food and diet that have high caloric content, should be avoided. These food habits should be restricted especially in conjunction to the obese children (Skidmore, 2010, pp.1022). Implementation with respect to orientation program in school, community center and public gathering, where opportunity to advocate for the beneficence of balanced and nutrient diet can be community. This will not only help the families to raise awareness and knowledge of appropriate food habit, but will also help in incorporating healthy eating habits. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that the present report is based on the collection of data, elucidating the fact-figures and finding the possible profiling of the obesity health concern in the community. Urban life style not only include suitable and easy means for the routine work, but also include reduction in physical activity, lack of exercise and incorporation of junk food. These prospects are common across all the urban location in the globe. Other than this, the data and statistics presented in the report pertain to specific location, time-period and proportion percentage, which are helpful in profiling the obesity rate among children in robust and appropriate manner. The concern of obesity is important for children as because they are linked with the hormonal and physiological growth. Complications induced at early stage of life is deteriorated as the disorder and physiological concerns are reflected by the progress and wellbeing state of the community. It is hence, government agencies and other concerned members should be engaged in finding possible solution and measure to reduce the prevalence rate of childhood obesity (Waters, 2008, pp.196). Such approach are worthy as they will ensure the health future state and as well reduced incidents of ill health concern in society. References: BOWYER, S., CARAHER, M., EILBERT, K., CARR-HILL, R. (2009). Shopping for food: lessons from a London borough. British Food Journal, 111(5), pp.452-474. CONRAD, D., CAPEWELL, S. (2012). Associations between deprivation and rates of childhood overweight and obesity in England, 20072010: an ecological study. BMJ open, 2(2), pp.e000463. COLE, T. J., BELLIZZI, M. C., FLEGAL, K. M., DIETZ, W. H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. Bmj, 320(7244), pp.1240. COLE, T. J., FREEMAN, J. V., PREECE, M. A. (1995). Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990. Archives of disease in childhood, 73(1), pp.25-29. EDWARDS, K. L., CLARKE, G. P., RANSLEY, J. K., CADE, J. (2010). The neighbourhood matters: studying exposures relevant to childhood obesity and the policy implications in Leeds, UK. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 64(3), PP.194-201. FRASER, L. K., EDWARDS, K. L. (2010). The association between the geography of fast food outlets and childhood obesity rates in Leeds, UK. Health place, 16(6), pp.1124-1128. GALVEZ, M. P., PEARL, M., YEN, I. H. (2010). Childhood obesity and the built environment: a review of the literature from 2008-2009. Current opinion in pediatrics, 22(2), pp.202. HARDEN, A., ESTACIO, E. V., TOBI, P., ADAMS-EATON, F., BERTOTTI, M., LAIS, S. (2009). A review of effectiveness, including cost effectiveness wherever possible, of commissioned healthy weight-related projects in City and Hackney: final report. HAN, J. C., LAWLOR, D. A., KIMM, S. (2010). Childhood obesity.The Lancet, 375(9727), pp. 1737-1748 KOPELMAN, P. G. (2000). Obesity as a medical problem. Nature, 404(6778), 635-643. LOOKER, H. C. (2010). Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death.New England Journal of Medicine, 362(6), pp.485-493. LOW, S., CHIN, M. C., DEURENBERG-YAP, M. (2009). Review on epidemic of obesity. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore, 38(1), pp.57. OGDEN, C. L., CARROLL, M. D., KIT, B. K., FLEGAL, K. M. (2014).Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012.JAMA, 311(8), pp.806-814.4 PRENTICE, A. M. (2006). The emerging epidemic of obesity in developing countries. International Journal of epidemiology, 35(1), pp.93-99. REILLY, J. J., KELLY, J. (2011). Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review. International journal of obesity, 35(7), pp.891-898. SKIDMORE, P., WELCH, A., VAN SLUIJS, E., JONES, A., HARVEY, I., HARRISON, F., ... CASSIDY, A. (2010). Impact of neighbourhood food environment on food consumption in children aged 910 years in the UK SPEEDY (Sport, Physical Activity and Eating behaviour: Environmental Determinants in Young people) study. Public health nutrition, 13(07), pp.1022-1030. WATERS, E., ASHBOLT, R., GIBBS, L., BOOTH, M., MAGAREY, A., GOLD, L., ... SWINBURN, B. (2008). Double disadvantage: the influence of ethnicity over socioeconomic position on childhood overweight and obesity: findings from an inner urban population of primary school children. International journal of pediatric obesity, 3(4), pp.196-204.

On the lake free essay sample

On the Lake Summary of On the Lake We get introduced to the family consisting of Oskar, Margret and their son Jonas. The family are staying at their summer cabin near a lake. The story begins in the living room, with the two men Bjorn and Whelm who have saved Oskar and Jonass life out on the lake earlier in the evening. Then a flashback of the accident begins. We hear how Oskar decides to take Jonas fishing out on the lake after dinner, even though Margret thinks it a bit too late. The two of them have no luck getting the fish to bite and Oskar declares that they better get home. But humouring Jonas, Oskar agrees to o some turns with the boat, which ends up with the boat capsizing. Luckily the two men Bjorn and Whelm see this and come to their rescue. Characterization of Margret and Oskar: Margret is a typical mother, perhaps a little overprotective. We will write a custom essay sample on On the lake or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After the accident on the lake she checks up on Jonas every five minutes, even though hes perfectly fine and fast asleep. She dreams of the perfect family, as you can see in the quote she had spent her childhood summers by the lake with her mother and her siblings, her father coming out as often as he could. She had hoped it would be the same for her nd Oskar. This shows us that she Just wants a harmonic family life, spending their summers in the idyllic little cabin by the lake Just like in her childhood. Oskar on the other hand is quite an irresponsible father. He doesnt want to talk about the incident out on the lake because he is embarrassed. He knows that it was his mistake, but does not take responsibility for it. As a father he does not set a good example, as it seems like its more important for him to impress his son, than to keep him safe. As a father he should also be able to distinguish between right and wrong. Vilhelms role: Whelm seems like hes got everything going for him and Oskar definitely feels very threatened by him. This is also the reason for Oskars actions out on the lake, when Jonas keeps using Whelm as an example of how he should turn with the boat. What makes a good father? A good father is caring and loving towards his children, and they will always be his number one priority. We see an example of the opposite in the story when Oskar lets go of Jonas, and makes sure to rescue himself first and foremost. Being supportive of his children is another important personality trait in being a good father. Your parents support is an essential need in a childs life. A good father might not always do or say what his children want him to. He should set limits for his children and also show them the consequences if they dont listen to and respect him. A child should look up to their father as if he was the greatest man on the face of the earth, and try to gain his respect. It shouldnt be the other way around where Oskar tries his best, to gain Jonass respect and it safe to say that Oskar lacks a lot of the things that makes you a good father. on the lake By lonerluna

Dinosaurs Essays - Evolutionary Biology, Climate History, Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs Essays - Evolutionary Biology, Climate History, Dinosaurs Dinosaurs Dinosaurs: How they became extinct Something happened 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, something so devastating that it altered the course of life on earth. It seems like it happened so sudden, as geologic time goes, that almost all the dinosaurs living on earth disappeared. So how did these dominant creatures just die off? Was it a slow extinction, or did it happen all of the sudden? These questions bring rise to many different beliefs on how the dinosaur disappeared over 65 million years ago. Extinction itself is easily defined: When the birth rate fails to keep up with the death rate, it is called extinction. But, the definition does not answer the question about the nature or causes of extinction. Paleontologists generally divide extinctions into two types, for that of different causes arose. The first is called background extinctions, isolated extinctions of species due to a variety of causes. Included is out competition, depletion of

Community Assessment - Prevention of Hypertensino in adult population Essay

Community Assessment - Prevention of Hypertensino in adult population - Essay Example The measurement of blood pressure is a complex topic, and there is also no exact differentiation between individuals ‘at risk’ from blood pressure-associated morbidity and mortality, and rest of the population. Adequate treatment of High Blood Pressure (HBP) with strict adherence to regimen, better prescribing and compliance, and regular follow-up is expected to reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular episodes. However, literature reviews suggest that healthcare outcomes and patient compliance are not up to the expected level due to several barriers to the successful diagnosis, treatment, and control of hypertension encountered by healthcare providers and lack of compliance by patients with hypertension. Research findings also suggest that there is disagreement among physicians regarding definitions of hypertension, and confusion over medications for BP control. As such, it is essential to maintain uniformity in research standards and clinical approaches to improve the quality of care for controlling patient’s blood pressure and introduce nurse-led blood pressure management initiative, to attain the goals of Healthy People as envisaged. Hypertension is prevalent in â€Å"28% of the US population and 35% of the African American population. However, only 1 in 4 patients with hypertension are controlled to a blood pressure of less than 140/90 mm Hg.† (Wright et al, 2002, p.1636-1643). Cross-sectional analysis of national representative data by Wang & Wang (2004), conforming to new classification of blood pressure levels by Joint National Committee (JNC) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure report (JNC 7 Report published in 2003), found that â€Å"elevated blood pressure is a serious problem in the United States. Approximately 60% of American adults have pre-hypertension or hypertension, and some population groups, such as African Americans, older people, low-socioeconomic-status groups, and overweight

Anomie Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anomie - Assignment Example However, many, especially the lower class and lower middle class are mostly affected and thus unable to achieve their desired thoughts and achievements they keep to the social rules, they thus claim responsibility for their failure, and they continue to keep to their social. Best examples of conformists could be team leaders, students especially at tertiary levels and also apart of workers or employees in an organization. Education and vocational ways are followed by these people to achieve their goals and gain more wealth. Merton discusses innovation as his second mode of adaptation. Merton argues that most of behaviors related with crimes can be categorized as innovative. Innovators are said to be people who live to embrace monetary and material success as a worthy goal, but also individuals who deviate or turn to crime when they realize that their experience or social status restricts access to genuine means of success. According to Gomme, the archetypal example of an innovator is a typical gangster young immigrant with intelligence and ambitions who abandons genuine means to succeed by means of corruption. A good example is a drug trafficker who desires wealth and the best social status yet the attempts of acquiring such ambitions are unfair and illegal. This means that innovators are not seriously offending others: individuals who fake their work experience or educational background in curriculum vitae or an interview would also fall in this class. The third adaptation according to Merton can be said to be ritualism. Ritualists isolate the strain of anomie by reducing their own aspirations of Victor to a point where goals are more practically achievable. They consent to their social status and caste, as well as adhere to the organizational means consistently as they are required to follow. Ritualists tend to avoid taking risks like a violation of law, and in addition, they have no problem living within the confines of daily monotony. As Gomme describes, fo r ritualists; the means became ends in them. A telemarketer or agent who is situated in a customer care desk can pose a demonstration about a ritualistic response. This agent will work hard and also behave conventionally on grounds that he/she accepts the personal wealth and additionally the social prestige. This will them make him/her have a revision on the goals so as he/she is subjected to alignment of possibilities that are practical.it is also depicted that bureaucrats and administrators who are employed in large institutions also pose such ritualistic response making their ambitions to be adaptable to the available possibilities for success. However, ritualists are not depicted as threats to the social and organizational structure since they maintain an outward stability on socio-cultural norms and hence they do not break the law (Gomme 51). Retreatism is discussed by Merton as his fourth adaptation. Retreatists have a tendency for a more dramatic response to the stress of ano mie. Retreatists finally give up if they are driven by the forced expectations of social achievement through conventional and indigenous ways: they then turn back to the cultural goals and also the norms of the society that brings success. Durkheim posed an observation that stated that suicide can be viewed as a retreat which so ultimate. Merton has