Child Health And Human Development - 2300 Words

INTRODUCTION Many diseases have been discovered, studied, and are diagnosed to many individuals of different ages today. Of all individuals premature babies are prime to acquiring diseases, as their immune system has not reached full term. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) derives from a European literature that help define the disease as, â€Å"necrotizing† meaning death of tissues, â€Å"entero† referring to the small intestines, â€Å"colo† is the large intestine, and â€Å"itis† meaning inflammation.8 Necrotizing enterocolitis is the most common and devastating disease in neonates. It is a gastrointestinal disease that affects distant organs such as the brain and places affected infants at substantially increased risk for neurodevelopmental delays.3, 8 The†¦show more content†¦Although many other factors may be involved with the development of necrotizing enterocolitis only premature neonates are found to be involved in case-controlled studies. 8 X-rays can show the abdomen having a bubbly appearance, a sign of air or gas present in the large intestines.14 With many research findings and studies available medical researchers are able to help narrow the understanding of NEC in the symptoms, causation, and medical treatment. Infants with NEC are those 5% of infants who are most sick found in the NICU that display a large amount of morbidity and mortality and low rate of survival. 3,13,14 Once an infant is diagnosed with NEC there is little treatment that can differ the course of the disease. 8 The studies with NEC have been able to help researchers with diagnosis, but it remains baffling.9 The treatment of NEC is difficult, and faulty, pathogenesis is still to be proven, and no effective prevention strategy has been complied with.9 With the lack of improvement shown in the mortality rate for NEC over the past years, medical investigators have to re-examine epidemiologic factors involved with NEC to search for strategies to prevent and treat the disease. 8 EPIDEMIOLOGY Neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis have been studied to be able to get a greater understanding of how this disease occurs and the types of preventions that can be placed to be able to

Shifting Women s Views By Harriet Martineau And Dorothy...

Shifting Women’s Views Although we see many shifts taking place in Britain between the Romantic and Victorian periods, such as the abolishment of slavery, the discoveries by astronomers and biologists, â€Å"as well as this being at the highest point of development as a world power† (1017). Throughout the Romantic and Victorian periods of British history, we also witness the emergence of an inner consciousness of women, which denounced those accepted by society at the time. This is illustrated through observing the parallels and contrasts within the writings of Harriet Martineau and Dorothy Wordsworth. The inner reflections of these women writers not only rejects the â€Å"Angel in the House† ideal placed upon women, which is found in â€Å"The Paragon† by , but also contradicts those illustrated in â€Å"My Last Duchess† and â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover.† One can also see that the new emerging consciousness of women was a reflection of the social unrest during these ti me periods. During the Romantic period, â€Å"England was experiencing the ordeal of change from a primarily agricultural society, where wealth and power had been concentrated in the landholding aristocracy, to a modern industrial nation† (5). Because of these shifts, times were exceedingly difficult for country people, many were displaced from their small family farms, and women had fewer options to support themselves without husbands. We also see these realities reflected in the prose of Dorothy Wordworth’s journals. There are many

Professional Role/Code of Ethic free essay sample

Codes of Ethis on the case of Mr. E Professional Roles and Values Western Governor University State Regulations and Nursing Standards Nursing, as other medical profession, aims at helping and saving the life of other. As much as nurses and physician wants to intervene to prolong a patient life, it’s important to consider patient’s wishes. Ethically, intubating Mr. E without proper discussion and consideration of his wishes is against his living will. It’s a violation of Provision I of ANA Code of Ethics in respecting patient’s dignity. The nurse also fail to meet the Standards of Competent Performance based on California Code of Regulation, Article 4, code 1443. 5, which stated â€Å" [nurses] acts as the client’s advocate, as circumstances require, by initiating action to improve health care or to change decisions or activities which are against the interests or wishes of the client [†¦]† (p. 70) Implication. According to code 2. 1 â€Å"Primacy of patient’s interest† from American Nurses Association, it’s the nurse’s commitment to respect the uniqueness of each patient, and respect patient’s wishes. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Role/Code of Ethic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, the nurse is responsible to seek for a solution if patient’s wishes are conflict with others (p. 5). Based on the above codes, the nurse in the scenario must inform Mr. Y about Mr. E’s wish. The nurse also need to assess Mr. Y understanding of risk and benefit of the procedure, so he would have all the neccesary information to make decision. Code of Ethics The Code of Ethics was developed by the American Nurses Association as a framework for ethical guideline. The work serves as a standard in assisting nurses making ethical decision. According to the ANA Code of Ethics,(2001), provision I stated that nurses must treat patient with compassion and respect the patient’s dignity, worth, and uniqueness, regardless of social and economical status, nature of health problem, and person’s attributes (p. 1). In specific, the interpretive statement 1. 4, in which the focus is on patient’s right to self-determination, is appropriate to apply in this scenario. (p. 4) Impact of Code. Code 1. 4 stated that nurses respect patient’s dignity by honor his or her own wishes. Thus, it’s important to inform Mr. Y of Mr. E’s wish as â€Å"do not resuscitate† (DNR). Although Mr. E is mentally challenge, he has his own feeling and perspective on his health status. Moreover, the patient’s mental condition when he signed Advance Directive and Power of Attorney is unclear; therefore, ignoring his wishes is a false assumption and an understatement to his decision-making capabality. As a nurse in this scenario, I would inform Mr. Y of his brother wish on Advance Directive. Ethics of Putting Patient on Ventilator. Putting Mr. E on ventilator based on the niece’s permission is unethical. The decision didn’t make based on patient’s best interest due to Mr. Y unawareness of Advance Directive. In addition, the niece made the decision instead of Mr. Y; therefore, the patient’s Power of Attorney was not followed completely. As the nurse, I would call Mr. Y to explain the situation and the decision of his niece. I would also inform him of the patient’s wishes in the Advance Directive. As an advocate for patient, I would also bring up the patient’s wish to the physican’s attention, and discuss the need to inform both Mr. Y and his niece of the Advance Directive. Although Ms. H doesn’t have Power of Attorney, she plays a role in assisting Mr. Y decision-making since Mr. Y called her for suggestion. Ethics of Authorizing Ventilator. Mr. Y should considers his brother’s wish based on the Advance Directive. Mr. Y should also ask for the risks and benefits of putting his brother on ventilator. As his brother, Mr. Y would want to prolong his brother’s life; however, Mr. Y should take in account of his brother’s desire, quality of life, and the extend of suffering. If Mr. Y doesn’t agree with the Advanced Directives, Mr. Y’s authorization is valid since the Advanced Directives is not fully completed. Analysis of Mr. E’s Advanced Directives Because of Mr. E mental health status, his capabality to make decision is unclear when he signed the Advanced Directives. Moreover, according to EmedicineHealth, â€Å"it’s important that the designated power of attorney knows and understands your [the patient] wishes† (Nabili, 2012). However, family member didn’t sign the Advance Directives, and the involvement of family is unclear. Thus, the appointed Power of Attorney may not know and understand the patient’s wish. The patient and family might not discuss patient’s decision. In addition, when the decision of Mr. Y conflicts with the decision of Mr. E in Advance Directives, the situation becomes very complicated. HIPAA Aside from Mr. E complicated situation, there are major Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) violations in the scenario. The physician violated patient’s right to privacy protection by discuss his medical condition and situation to Ms. H in the waiting room, a public place. The information was disclosed to other patients, to Ms. H’s boyfriend, and other non-related health care staff. Moreover, discussing Mr. E condition to Ms. H should be questioning because Ms. H, although she’s the patient’s niece, is not the appointed power of attorney. One of the nurse role is advocate for paient. By not protecting patient’s privacy, a nurse also violate HIPAA. The nurse, although aware of the physician violation, did not intervene to protect Mr. E’s information. Therefore, she could be hold accountable for violation of HIPAA. In this scenario, a nurse commented on ignoring HIPAA. The nurse is not only violated patient’s privacy legally, but also ethically according to ANA Code of Ethics. Besides physician and nurse, the facility is also accountable for HIPAA violation, for the facility did not reinforce the importance of HIPAA with its staff and physician. Professional Conduct As the above paragraphs discuss, the nurse fails to conduct the standard of nursing by ignoring patient’s rights for privacy protection. By stating â€Å"forget it†¦no one pays attention to HIPAA anyway,† the nurse is at risk for violating HIPAA. Beside HIPAA, the cafeteria nurses fail to act as patient’s advocacy by stating â€Å" What difference does it makes? The guy’s got diabetes, ir retarded, and is already in a nursing home. † This nurse violated Provision I in Code of Ethics by ANA in which a nurse cares for patient with compassion and respect regardless of social and economical status, personal’s attribute, and nature of health problems (p. 1). Futhermore, lack of knowledge of Advance Directives is a misconduct of Provision II in Code of Ethics by not â€Å"primacy patient’s interest† and respect patient’s wishes. Steps. To avoid misconduct of professional standard, the nurse in this scenario should talk to the physician in private about disclosing patient information. The nurse first suggests to call Mr. Y and obtain permission to discuss care with Ms. H; then the nurse must inform Mr. Y the Advance Directives as well as assess Mr. Y understanding of risks and benefits of the procedure. Obtaining informed consent from Mr. Y is also a crucial step. If Mr. Y can’t be reach in a time sensitive manner, the nurse should contact the agent that helped Mr. E with the Advance Directive; she can then obtain information related to Mr. E decision-making ability at the time, and inform doctor and charge nurse for decision-making. However, in this scenario, the nurse should notify charge nurse and higher chain of command about the situation and the violation of HIPAA. Ethical committee should be notified to consult for appropriate actions. Regarding her colleagues, the nurse should inform her supervisor, without naming name, the need to orient staff regarding HIPAA, Advance Directives, and reinforce in Code of Ethics. By taking appropriate interventions, the nurse ensures dignity in patient care and maintain respect in work environment. References American Nurses Association. (2001). Code of ethics. Retrieved from http://nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics. pdf California. (2005). California nursing practice act: With regulations and related satutes. Matthew Bender Co. , a member of the Lexis Group. Nabili, S. (2012). Advance directives. Retrieved from http://www. emedicinehealth. com/advance_directives/page2_em. htm

Rice Essays (1283 words) - Forest Management, Plantation

Rice Finally, because South Carolina, from her climate, situation, and peculiar institutions, is, and must ever continue to be, wholly dependent on agriculture and commerce, not only for prosperity , but for her existence as a state (Boller, pg.110) -John C Calhoun: South Carolina explosion and Protest (1828) While the north was undergoing an industrial revolution, the south remained agriculturally based. Rice, which was the first grown in South Carolina in the early 1960s, was a very promising harvest. Between 1820and 1850, the production of rice nearly tripled, making it a leading colonial crop along the seacoast of South Carolina and Georgia. Rice had definitely proved to be a magic crop of the South. (Boyer, pg.96) The Carolinas was originally granted in the 1663 by King Charles II of England to a few of his British supporters. The proprietors named the land Carolina in the honor of King Charles. Charles in Latin is Carolus. (Olmsted, pg.312) The colony grow hastily at first. In 1669, however, Anthony Ashley Cooper, one of the proprietors, speeded up settlements by offering immigration land grants. For each new family member, indentured servant, or slave brought in, fifty acres of land were given to the family head. The wealth immigrants, or those with large families, received a large piece of land, which were used as plantations. The Carolinas was shaped to be agrarian-based bound. (Faulkner, pg. 217) Until the 1680s, most of the settlers in the Carolinas were farmers. It soon became obvious that Carolina was not created so that he settlers could eke out a marginal existence. Like the Virginians before them, the Carolinas sought their own staple crop that can make them rich, rice. The plantation owners of North Carolina, like those of Virginia, raised chiefly tobacco and corn on small farms. Those in South Carolina planted rice and indigo on a large scale. Rice was probably brought from West Africa. Because the grain made a few men rich with capitol to invest in costly dams, dikes, and slaves, the Carolinians began to resemble that of the West Indies. Rice planters earned annual profits of 25%, causing them, within a generation, to become the only Colonial elite whose wealth revealed that of the Caribbean sugar planters. (Fite, pg.78) As early as the early 1700s rice proved to be an extremely profitable harvest. By the time of the revolution Charleston was exporting annually about 125,000 barrels. Although the profits of rice tripled between 1820 and 1850, there were also many costs in rice production. The work of leveling land and building levees and ditches for irrigation was costly. A rice planter in the 1830s and 1840s needed between $50,000and $100,000 to get into large-scale production of rice. (Faulkner, pg189) Rice plantations were exceedingly large enterprises. One plantation owner, Governor William Aiken of South Carolina, had an estate that contained 1500 acres of rice land, 500 acres of upland, 700 slaves, and livestock and equipment worth $380,000, which was considered a typical rice plantation. Among the huge plantations were small shops of cheap clothing and trinket stores such as those of Jews that settled in the Southern cities. (Boyer, 92) Rice thriving only within a 40-mile-wide coastal strip extending from Cape Fear, which is now known as North Carolina, to present day Georgia. The marshy and hot lowlands quickly became infested with malaria. Carolina grimily joked that the rice belt was a paradise in spring, an inferno in the summer, and a hospital in the wet, chilly fall. Planters families usually escaped, in the worst of months, to the more healthier and cooler climate of Charleston, while the overseer supervised the harvest. (Olmsted, pg.315) The Carolina rice profits had come to someone elses expense. English undeterred servants could not survive the humid rice paddies swarming with malaria-bearing mosquitoes. The planters solution was to import African slaves. There were two advantages in importing slaves. Th first, approximately 15% of the imported slaves cultivated rice in their homeland, and their enterprise was vital in teaching whites how to raise the unfamiliar crop. Second, most Africans had partial immunity to the malaria that killed many in the region. A tremendous demand for slaves therefore developed. For a typical rice planter, farming 130 acres of land required 65